Panalon
Panalon Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, How Long Does it Take to Work? Panalon is a brand name. Its generic name is Pancuronium.
Panalon Introduction
Panalon is a neuromuscular blocking agent classed as a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. It is derived from the alkaloid "tubocurarine" and functions by competitively binding to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, preventing the usual release of acetylcholine which in normal circumstances produces a muscle contraction. This results in muscle paralysis.
Uses of Panalon
Panalon is used as a muscle relaxant during general anesthesia. It is also used for intubation, mechanical ventilation, surgical and post-operative procedures, and provides muscle relaxation to facilitate general surgery, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It also provides skeletal muscular strength for immobilization during procedures.
Mechanism of Action
Panalon works by blocking the central nervous system's ability to communicate with the skeletal muscles. This prevents the transmission of nerve impulses that cause muscular contraction. Panalon also decreases the release of neurotransmitters from the motor end plate, which is the site of connection of a nerve to a muscle, to further reduce muscle contractility. The drug binds to nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors which are found on skeletal muscle cells. It prevents Ach from occupying the receptor and transmitting a nerve impulse, resulting in paralysis.
How Long Does It Take to Work?
Panalon typically requires 1 minute to 5 minutes to take effect and induce muscular paralysis. It has a relatively short duration of action (approximately 60 minutes) and should only be used to achieve temporary paralysis.
Absorption
Panalon is administered intravenously. It is metabolized slowly in the body and is excreted mainly via the kidneys.
//This can depend on the patient, as different patients have different metabolic rates.Route of Elimination
Panalon is primarily eliminated through urinary excretion, with about 68% of an administered dose being excreted in the urine, and about 23% in the feces.
Dosage
The usual dose of Panalon is 0.075mg/kg (0.03-0.2mg/kg) intravenously for adults. The dose may be adjusted based on the patient's age, size and medical condition.
Administration
Panalon is usually administered intravenously. It should be used cautiously in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Side Effects
The most common side effects of Panalon are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Other side effects include an increase in blood sugar levels, blurred vision, difficulty breathing, and increased body temperature.
Toxicity
Panalon is generally not toxic. Overdose of the drug can result in prolonged paralysis, and rarely, death. It should be used with caution in patients with high sensitivity to muscle relaxants.
Precaution
Panalon should be used with caution in patients with COPD, as it may worsen shortness of breath. It should also be used with caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, renal or hepatic impairment, and myasthenia gravis, as these conditions may increase the risk of adverse effects.
Interaction
Panalon may interact with certain medications, such as those used to treat hypertension and heart conditions, as well as certain antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to tell your doctor about all medications you are taking and any allergies you have before taking Panalon.
Disease Interaction
Panalon may interact with certain medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disease, myasthenia gravis, heart disease, or hypertension. It is important to tell your doctor about any medical conditions that may increase your risk of adverse effects.
Drug Interaction
Panalon may interact with certain medications, such as certain antibiotics, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and drugs used to treat hypertension or heart conditions. It is important to tell your doctor about all medications you are taking before taking pancuronium.
Food Interactions
There are no known food interactions with Panalon.
Pregnancy Use
Panalon should not be used during pregnancy. It may increase the risk of respiratory depression in the newborn baby.
Lactation Use
Panalon should not be used during lactation. It may pass into breast milk and could affect the nursing infant.
Acute Overdose
An overdose of Panalon can cause severe muscle relaxation, and in extreme cases, respiratory failure. Treatment of an overdose may include supportive measures such as airway management, oxygen supplementation, and vasopressors.
Contraindication
Panalon should not be used in people who are hypersensitive to the drug. Additionally, it should not be used in patients with severe cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, or prostatic hypertrophy.
Use Direction
Panalon should be administered intravenously. The dose and rate of administration should be adjusted based on the patient's age, size, medical condition, and response to the drug.
Storage Conditions
Panalon should be stored at room temperature in a light-resistant container. It should also be kept away from heat and moisture.
Volume of Distribution
The volume of distribution (Vd) of Panalon is approximately 5L/kg in adults.
Half-Life
The half-life of Panalon is approximately 2-3 hours in adults. It is slightly longer in elderly patients and those with renal or hepatic impairment.
Clearance
The clearance of Panalon is approximately 2.7L/min in adults.
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