Purinol
Purinol Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, How Long Does it Take to Work? Purinol is a brand name. Its generic name is Allopurinol.
Introduction
Purinol is a medical drug used in the treatment of gout and certain types of kidney stones. It is used to reduce urate production and reduce levels of serum uric acid. Purinol is also used to treat cancer-related hyperuricemia and tumor lysis syndrome. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. By limiting the amount of uric acid produced, Purinol helps to lower concentrations of uric acid in the blood.
Uses
Purinol is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of gout and kidney stones. It is also used to reduce the risk of recurrent gout attacks and to treat tumor lysis syndrome, a metabolic complication associated with cancer chemotherapy. Purinol can also be used to prevent uric acid accumulation in the body caused by certain medical conditions, such as certain forms of kidney and bone marrow diseases.
Mechanism of Action
Purinol works by blocking the enzyme xanthine oxidase. This enzyme is responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. This process is inhibited by Purinol, which reduces the amount of uric acid produced in the body. By decreasing the amount of uric acid produced, Purinol helps to reduce poor blood flow, inflammation, swelling, and pain, which are common symptoms of gout and other forms of arthritis or joint infection.
How Long Does it Take to Work?
The effects of Purinol can be noticed within 1-2 weeks of starting the treatment. Many patients who take Purinol notice a reduction in pain and discomfort within this time frame, as Purinol is effective in reducing the amount of uric acid in the bloodstream.
Absorption
Purinol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, with plasma concentrations reaching peak levels 1-2 hours after ingestion. The peak plasma concentration is proportional to the dose taken. Purinol is widely distributed throughout the body, with a volume of distribution estimated at 0.5 to 1 L/kg.
Route of Elimination
Purinol is mainly eliminated through the renal route. It is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Some of the metabolites are excreted through the bile. Approximately 80% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and metabolites.
Dosage
- Adults: The usual dose of Purinol is 200 to 800 mg/day given as a single daily dose or divided and given in 2 to 3 daily doses.
- Children: The dose of Purinol in children is determined by body weight. A normal starting dose for children 1 year of age or older is 5-10 mg/kg/day. The dose may be adjusted in increments of 5-10 mg/kg/day as needed until a satisfactory response is achieved.
- Elderly: The usual dose of Purinol in elderly patients is 200 to 400 mg/day given as a single daily dose or divided and given in 2 daily doses.
Administration
Purinol should be taken orally, usually once daily or as directed by your doctor. It can be taken with or without food. Purinol tablets should not be crushed, broken, or chewed before swallowing.
Side Effects
The most common side effects of Purinol include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, itching, rash, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and joint pain. Other less common side effects may include muscle pain, fever, blood in the urine, inflammation of the eyes and liver or renal function test abnormalities. If any of these side effects occur, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible.
Toxicity
Purinol has been associated with rare cases of serious and potentially fatal liver damage, while other toxicities such as rashes, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported.
Precautions
You should not take Purinol if you are allergic to it or any of its components, or if you have a history of liver or kidney disease. Purinol should be used with caution in patients with severe gout, kidney impairment, or diabetes. It should also be avoided in pregnant women unless clearly needed and some caution should be taken in nursing mothers. Additionally, you should inform your doctor if you have any allergies, are taking any other medications, or have any existing medical conditions.
Interactions
Purinol may interact with certain medications, including cholestyramine, thiazide diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and sulfinpyrazone. These interactions can increase, decrease, or alter the effectiveness of Purinol or other medications. It is important to discuss any medication you are taking with your doctor before starting Purinol.
Disease Interaction
Purinol can interact with certain diseases or medical conditions, increasing, decreasing, or altering its effects. These include gout, kidney impairment, diabetes, hypothyroidism, liver disease, anemia, and hypertension. It is important to discuss any medical condition you have with your doctor before starting Purinol.
Drug Interaction
Purinol can interact with certain drugs, including cholestyramine, thiazide diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and sulfinpyrazone. These interactions can increase, decrease, or alter the effectiveness of Purinol or other medications. It is important to discuss any medication you are taking with your doctor before starting Purinol.
Food Interactions
Consumption of foods and beverages containing caffeine, alcohol, or sugar can affect the absorption of Purinol. Additionally, certain foods may increase or decrease the effectiveness of Purinol. It is important to discuss any dietary plan you have with your doctor before starting Purinol.
Pregnancy Use
Purinol is classified as pregnancy category D due to its potential to cause harm to the fetus if used during pregnancy. Animal studies have revealed adverse reactions on fetal development when pregnant animals have been treated with Purinol. Therefore, your doctor may not recommend the use of Purinol during pregnancy. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding must consult with their doctor before taking Purinol.
Lactation Use
Purinol is classified as pregnancy category L3, meaning that it is unlikely to cause harm to nursing infants when used during lactation. However, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding must consult with their doctor before taking Purinol.
Acute Overdose
An overdose of Purinol can cause symptoms such as drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, nausea, seizures, and severe abdominal or back pain. If you or someone you know has taken an overdose of Purinol, seek immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to induce vomiting or take any other action until a medical professional advises you to do so.
Contraindication
Purinol should not be used in patients who are allergic to it or any of its components. Additionally, Purinol should not be used by individuals who have a history of liver or kidney disease, diabetes, or hypothyroidism.
Use Direction
Purinol should be taken orally, usually once daily or as directed by your doctor. Purinol tablets should not be crushed, broken, or chewed before swallowing.
Storage Condition
Purinol should be stored at room temperature in a dark and dry place. The tablets should not be exposed to light, moisture, or extreme temperatures.
Volume of Distribution
The volume of distribution of Purinol is estimated to be 0.5-1 L/kg.
Half Life
The plasma half-life of Purinol is estimated to be 1.9-4.5 hours.
Clearance
The renal clearance of Purinol is approximately 80 mL/min.
Here you find in details version of Purinol
Some Frequently Asked Questions About Purinol
What is Purinol?
Purinol is a form of medication used to help lower the levels of uric acid in the body. It is primarily prescribed to help treat conditions like gout and certain kinds of kidney stones.
Is Purinol safe?
Yes, Purinol is generally considered to be a safe medication when taken as directed. Talk to your doctor if you have any specific questions or concerns about the risks associated with using Purinol.
How long does it take for Purinol to start working?
Most people start to feel the effects of Purinol after about a week of consistent use. Make sure to talk to your doctor about any changes you notice in your condition during this time.
Can I drink alcohol while taking Purinol?
No. You should avoid drinking alcohol while taking Purinol as this can increase the risk of experiencing side effects. Talk to your doctor if you have any specific questions or concerns about drinking and taking Purinol.
Does Purinol cause weight gain?
No. Purinol does not directly cause weight gain. However, some of the side effects of Purinol can include increased appetite, which may lead to weight gain.
Does Purinol affect kidney function?
Purinol may have a slight effect on kidney function in some people. Be sure to talk to your doctor if you have any preexisting kidney problems as Purinol may not be the right medication for you.
What are common side effects of Purinol?
Common side effects of Purinol can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, rash, and dizziness. Talk to your doctor if any of these side effects become worse or if you experience anything else that seems abnormal or concerning.
Can Purinol be used to treat pain?
No. Purinol is primarily prescribed to help lower the levels of uric acid in the body. If you are experiencing pain you should talk to your doctor about medications or other treatments that may be able to help you.
What is the proper dosage for Purinol?
The proper dosage for Purinol depends on your age, weight, and condition. Talk to your doctor about what dose is appropriate for you.
Can Purinol be used for long-term treatment?
Yes. Purinol can be taken for long-term treatment of conditions like gout and certain kinds of kidney stones. Talk to your doctor about whether Purinol is right for your situation.
Does Purinol interact with other medications?
Yes, Purinol can interact with other medications including antibiotics, diuretics, and chemotherapeutic agents. Talk to your doctor about which medications may interact with Purinol and what the potential risks are.
Can I take Purinol while pregnant?
No. Purinol should not be taken while pregnant and should be avoided by anyone who is nursing. Talk to your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are nursing.
How often should I take Purinol?
The frequency of taking Purinol will depend on your specific condition and may vary from person to person. Talk to your doctor about what schedule is best for you.
Can I take Purinol with food?
Yes, Purinol can typically be taken with food. Talk to your doctor about any specific instructions you should follow when taking Purinol.
Can Purinol be used to prevent gout?
Yes, Purinol can be used to prevent gout flare-ups by reducing the amount of uric acid in the body. Talk to your doctor to see if Purinol is a good prevention option for you.
What should I do if I miss a dose of Purinol?
If you miss a dose of Purinol, it is important that you take the missed dose as soon as possible. If it is close to the time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the regular time.
Should I avoid sunlight while taking Purinol?
Yes. Purinol can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight, so you should avoid direct sunlight or use sunscreen when going outdoors. Talk to your doctor about any specific instructions you should follow.
Are there any alternative treatments for gout?
Yes, there are alternative treatments for gout. Treatment options may include dietary changes, over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, or lifestyle changes. Talk to your doctor about which options may be right for you.
Can Purinol cause hair loss?
No, Purinol is not known to cause hair loss. However, some people may experience hair loss due to the condition being treated with Purinol.
What is the maximum daily dose of Purinol?
The maximum daily dosage of Purinol will depend on your specific condition and any other medicines you are taking. Talk to your doctor about what dosage is right for you.
Are there any tests I should take before starting Purinol?
Yes, your doctor may want to run several tests before starting Purinol, including blood tests to check your kidney and liver function, as well as urine tests to check for any existing uric acid levels. Talk to your doctor about any specific tests you should take.
Can Purinol be used to treat kidney stones?
Yes, Purinol can be used to help dissolve certain types of kidney stones. Talk to your doctor about whether Purinol is right for you.
Will I need to take Purinol forever?
No, you may not need to take Purinol forever. The length of your treatment will depend on your condition. Talk to your doctor about how long you should continue taking Purinol.
Does Purinol cause headaches?
Yes, headaches can be a common side effect of Purinol. Talk to your doctor if you experience any frequent or severe headaches while taking Purinol.
What should I do if I overdose on Purinol?
If you think you have taken too much Purinol, call 911 or your local poison control center immediately. You should also contact your doctor as soon as possible.
Can I take Purinol if I have diabetes?
Yes, Purinol can be taken if you have diabetes. However, you should talk to your doctor about potential interactions between Purinol and your diabetic medication.
Is Purinol a narcotic?
No, Purinol is not a narcotic. It is a form of medication used to help lower the levels of uric acid in the body.
Is Purinol a steroid?
No, Purinol is not a steroid. It is a form of medication used to help lower the levels of uric acid in the body.
Can I take Purinol with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Yes, Purinol can be taken with other medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Talk to your doctor if you are taking any other medications and are considering taking Purinol.
Can I take Purinol if I have high blood pressure?
Yes, Purinol can be taken if you have high blood pressure. However, it is important to talk to your doctor about potential interactions between Purinol and any other medications you are taking.
What should I watch out for while taking Purinol?
Make sure to talk to your doctor if any new or concerning symptoms arise while taking Purinol. Common side effects to watch out for include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, rash, and dizziness.
Can Purinol cause stomach problems?
Yes, Purinol can cause stomach problems in some people. Common stomach problems include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Talk to your doctor if you experience any of these symptoms while taking Purinol.
Can I take Purinol if I'm on dialysis?
Yes, Purinol can be taken while on dialysis. Make sure to talk to your doctor about which dose is right for you.
Does Purinol have any interactions with herbal medications?
Yes, Purinol may interact with certain herbal medications like turmeric, ginger, and ginkgo biloba. Talk to your doctor about which herbs you should avoid while taking Purinol.
Can I take Purinol if I have an allergy to sulfa drugs?
No, it is not recommended that Purinol be taken if you have an allergy to sulfa drugs. Make sure to tell your doctor about any existing allergies you have before taking Purinol.
Are there any restrictions on activities while taking Purinol?
Yes, you should avoid activities that could cause skin irritation while taking Purinol, such as sunbathing, hot showers, and long baths. Talk to your doctor if you have any specific activities that you are unsure about.
Can I take Purinol if I'm breastfeeding?
No, allopurinol should not be taken while breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor if you are breastfeeding and considering taking Purinol.
What time of day should I take Purinol?
The best time to take Purinol depends on your doctor's instructions. It may be taken once daily or several times throughout the day. Talk to your doctor about what time is best for you.
Can Purinol cause liver damage?
Yes, Purinol can cause liver damage, although it is rare. Make sure to talk to your doctor if you experience any symptoms of liver damage, such as nausea, vomiting, yellowing of the skin or eyes, or dark urine.
Can Purinol cause a rash?
Yes, Purinol can cause a rash in some people. If you develop a rash while taking Purinol, make sure to talk to your doctor as soon as possible.
Can Purinol be used to treat cancer?
No, Purinol is not used to treat cancer. Talk to your doctor about which treatments may be right for you.
Can Purinol be used to treat an infection?
No, Purinol is not used to treat infections. It is primarily prescribed to help lower the levels of uric acid in the body. Talk to your doctor about which medications or treatments may be right for you.