Fenobarbital
Fenobarbital Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, How Long Does it Take to Work? Fenobarbital is a brand name. Its generic name is Phenobarbital.
Fenobarbital Introduction
Fenobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative-hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and antiarrhythmic properties; it is also used as an adjunct in the management of pain. Fenobarbital is used in the short-term treatment of severe insomnia. It is also used in seizure disorders, particularly when other medications do not control the seizures.
Uses for Fenobarbital
Fenobarbital is primarily used in the treatment of seizure disorders, including partial seizures, tonic-clonic (generalized) seizures, and mixed seizure patterns. It is also used as a sedative-hypnotic and an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of pain.
Mechanism of Action
Fenobarbital has an encephalodepressant action, possibly via binding to GABAA receptors. This action produces an anxiolytic effect, as well as decreased seizure activity. It also has a tranquilizing effect.
How Long Does It Take to Work?
The onset of action of phenobarbital is rapid, usually within minutes, and the duration of action is typically 12-24 hours.
Absorption
Fenobarbital is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak serum concentrations within 1-2 hours.
Route of Elimination
Fenobarbital is metabolized in the liver and excreted via the kidneys. Approximately 70-90% of a dose is eliminated in the urine as glucuronide conjugates within 24 hours.
Dosage
The usual dose for adults is 1.5-3 mg/kg a day in two or three divided doses. The usual dose for children is 2-5 mg/kg a day in two or three divided doses. If the dose is taken twice daily, the dose should be taken at bedtime and at noon for best effects.
Administration
Fenobarbital should be taken orally with a glass of water. It should be taken with food or milk if GI irritation occurs. The tablets should not be crushed, chewed, or dissolved in liquid.
Side Effects
Common side effects of phenobarbital include confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, impaired coordination, headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and rash. Rarely, phenobarbital can cause an allergic reaction, which may include difficulty breathing, hives, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Toxicity
Overdose of phenobarbital can lead to central nervous system depression, coma, respiratory depression, and death. The symptoms of overdose include confusion, disorientation, slurred speech, tachycardia, and impaired motor coordination.
Precautions
Fenobarbital should be used with caution in patients with liver disease, as the drug is metabolized in the liver. It should also be used with caution in elderly patients, as they may be more sensitive to the drug's effects. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of alcoholism or drug addiction.
Interaction
Fenobarbital may interact with other drugs, including other anticonvulsants, alcohol, antidepressants, and narcotic pain relievers. It may also interact with other substances, such as alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco. These interactions may increase or decrease the effectiveness of the medication.
Disease Interaction
Fenobarbital may interact with certain diseases, including liver and kidney disease, depression, and mental illness. Patients with any of these conditions should consult their healthcare provider before taking this medication.
Drug Interactions
Fenobarbital may interact with other medications, including anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anticholinergics, antiarrhythmics, sedatives/hypnotics, warfarin, and other CNS depressants. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about any medications they are taking before taking phenobarbital.
Food Interactions
Fenobarbital may interact with certain foods, such as alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about any foods they are consuming before taking this medication.
Pregnancy Use
Fenobarbital should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they are pregnant or planning to become pregnant before taking this medication.
Lactation Use
Fenobarbital is excreted in breast milk and may cause undesirable effects in a nursing infant. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they are breastfeeding before taking this medication.
Acute Overdose
An overdose of phenobarbital can be dangerous and may require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an overdose include confusion, disorientation, slurred speech, tachycardia, impaired motor coordination, and coma. Patients should seek medical attention immediately if they suspect they have overdosed.
Contraindication
Fenobarbital is contraindicated in patients with allergies to the drug, in patients with severe liver or kidney disease, in those with a history of porphyria, and in those with a history of drug abuse or addiction. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they have any of these conditions before taking this medication.
Use Direction
Fenobarbital should be taken orally with a glass of water. The tablets should not be crushed, chewed, or dissolved in liquid. The usual dose for adults is 1.5-3 mg/kg a day in two or three divided doses. The usual dose for children is 2-5 mg/kg a day in two or three divided doses. If the dose is taken twice daily, the dose should be taken at bedtime and at noon for best effects.
Storage Conditions
Fenobarbital should be stored at room temperature away from light, heat, and moisture. It should be kept out of the reach of children and pets.
Volume of Distribution
Fenobarbital has a volume of distribution of 1 to 5 L/kg.
Half-Life
The half-life of phenobarbital is 3-6 hours.
Clearance
Fenobarbital has a clearance of 0.2-0.9 mL/min/kg.
Here you find in details version of Fenobarbital
Some Frequently Asked Questions About Fenobarbital
30What is Fenobarbital?
Fenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate drug that is used mainly as an anticonvulsant and sedative. It is also used to treat seizures, insomnia, and other sleep disorders.
How does Fenobarbital work?
Fenobarbital works by increasing the action of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate neural activity. By increasing the action of GABA, phenobarbital reduces the activity of nerve cells in the brain, which has a calming and sedative effect.
What are the common side effects of Fenobarbital?
The most common side effects of Fenobarbital are drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, and difficulty concentrating. More serious side effects include depression, headaches, and rashes.
Who should not take Fenobarbital?
Fenobarbital should not be taken by those who have a history of drug or alcohol abuse, are pregnant or breastfeeding, are allergic to barbiturates, have a history of mental illness, have liver or kidney disease, or have low blood pressure.
Is Fenobarbital addictive?
Yes, Fenobarbital has a potential for addiction and dependence, especially when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Those who have a history of drug or alcohol abuse should be monitored closely if taking Fenobarbital.
How should I take Fenobarbital?
Fenobarbital should be taken as prescribed by your doctor. It is usually taken 1-4 times per day, with or without food. Do not take more than the prescribed dose, and do not stop taking the medication without first consulting your doctor.
What are the withdrawal symptoms of Fenobarbital?
Common withdrawal symptoms of Fenobarbital include insomnia, anxiety, irritability, tremors, sweating, confusion, and nausea. More severe symptoms may include seizures, hallucinations, and delirium. If you experience any of these symptoms after stopping the medication, contact your doctor immediately.
What should I do if I miss a dose of Fenobarbital?
If you miss a dose of Fenobarbital, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take your next dose as scheduled. Do not take double doses to make up for a missed one.
How long does it take for Fenobarbital to start working?
It usually takes 1-4 hours for Fenobarbital to start working, although it can take longer in some individuals. The effects of the drug can last up to 8 hours.
Does Fenobarbital interact with other drugs?
Yes, Fenobarbital can interact with certain drugs and supplements. Before taking Fenobarbital, tell your doctor about all of the medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements that you are currently taking. Your doctor may change the dose or frequency of your other medications.
Can I drink alcohol while taking Fenobarbital?
No, you should not drink alcohol while taking Fenobarbital or any other barbiturates, as drinking alcohol can increase the effects of the drug. Drinking alcohol with Fenobarbital can cause drowsiness, confusion, and difficulty breathing.
What are the symptoms of an overdose of Fenobarbital?
Symptoms of an overdose of Fenobarbital include slow and shallow breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures. If you think that you or someone else has taken too much of this drug, seek medical attention immediately.
Do I need to take special precautions while taking Fenobarbital?
Yes, you should take special precautions while taking Fenobarbital. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery while taking this medication. Also, avoid drinking alcohol and using other medications that may cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Can I take Fenobarbital while pregnant or breastfeeding?
No, Fenobarbital is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. The drug can pass into breast milk and can harm the developing fetus.
Is Fenobarbital available over the counter?
No, Fenobarbital is a prescription medication and is not available over the counter.
Can I take Fenobarbital with other drugs?
Yes, Fenobarbital can be taken with other drugs such as pain relievers and anti-anxiety medications. Talk to your doctor before taking any medications together.
Does Fenobarbital affect blood pressure?
Yes, Fenobarbital can affect blood pressure. If you have a history of low blood pressure, your doctor may monitor your levels closely.
Is Fenobarbital habit-forming?
Yes, Fenobarbital is habit-forming, especially when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. It is important to follow the instructions of your doctor when taking this medication.
What are the long-term effects of Fenobarbital?
Long-term use of Fenobarbital can lead to dependency, impaired cognitive functioning, and depression. It is important to talk to your doctor before starting or stopping this medication.
Does Fenobarbital reduce seizure threshold?
Yes, Fenobarbital can reduce the seizure threshold in some people, especially those who have a history of seizures. If you have a history of seizures, talk to your doctor before taking this medication.
Can I take other medications while taking Fenobarbital?
Yes, you can take other medications while taking Fenobarbital. However, it is important to tell your doctor about all of the other medications and supplements that you are taking, as there is the potential for interactions between drugs.
Should I take Fenobarbital in the morning or at night?
Fenobarbital can be taken either in the morning or at night, depending on the dose. Your doctor will recommend the best time to take the medication.
Can Fenobarbital be used to treat anxiety?
Yes, Fenobarbital can be used to treat anxiety. However, it is important to talk to your doctor before taking this medication, as it is not intended for long-term use.
Is Fenobarbital safe for children?
Yes, Fenobarbital is approved for use in children over the age of 6 months. However, it is important to talk to your doctor before starting any medication for a child.
Is Fenobarbital used to treat epilepsy?
Yes, Fenobarbital is sometimes used to treat epilepsy. It is important to talk to your doctor before starting or stopping any medication for epilepsy.
How long can I take Fenobarbital?
You should take Fenobarbital for as long as your doctor advises, in order to get the most benefit from it. Do not stop taking the medication without discussing it with your doctor.
Can Fenobarbital cause weight gain?
Yes, Fenobarbital can cause weight gain in some people. If you experience weight gain while taking the medication, talk to your doctor.
Can Fenobarbital cause hair loss?
Yes, Fenobarbital can cause hair loss in some individuals. If you experience hair loss while taking the medication, talk to your doctor.
Does Fenobarbital cause liver damage?
Yes, long-term use of Fenobarbital can cause liver damage. If you have a history of liver disease, talk to your doctor before taking this medication.
Does Fenobarbital interact with birth control?
Yes, Fenobarbital can interact with some forms of birth control. If you are taking birth control, it is important to talk to your doctor before taking Fenobarbital.
Can Fenobarbital be used to treat depression?
No, Fenobarbital is not recommended for the treatment of depression. It should only be used to treat seizures or other sleep disorders. Talk to your doctor about other medications that may be used to treat depression.
Does Fenobarbital cause constipation?
Yes, Fenobarbital can cause constipation. If you experience constipation while taking the medication, talk to your doctor.
Can Fenobarbital be used to treat insomnia?
Yes, Fenobarbital can be used to treat insomnia in some cases. However, it is important to talk to your doctor before taking Fenobarbital for insomnia, as it may not be the best option for everyone.
Does Fenobarbital interact with other medications?
Yes, Fenobarbital can interact with other medications. Before taking Fenobarbital, tell your doctor about all of the medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements that you are currently taking.
What happens if I take too much Fenobarbital?
Taking too much Fenobarbital can cause serious side effects such as slow and shallow breathing, confusion, and loss of consciousness. If you think that you or someone else has taken too much of this medication, seek medical attention immediately.
Does Fenobarbital cause dizziness?
Yes, Fenobarbital can cause dizziness in some people. If you experience dizziness while taking the medication, talk to your doctor.