4-hydroxybutanoate
4-hydroxybutanoate Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, How Long Does it Take to Work? 4-hydroxybutanoate is a brand name. Its generic name is gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
What is 4-hydroxybutanoate (GHB)?
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that works to reduce the activity levels of certain parts of the brain. It has become popular as a recreational drug and in some countries is also used to treat conditions such as narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal.
Uses for 4-hydroxybutanoate (GHB)
GHB is used recreationally to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and sociability. It can be detected in the urine for up to 24 hours after ingestion. It is also used as a sedative, an anabolic agent, a immune enhancer, and an anti-aging drug. Additionally, it has been used in the treatment of narcolepsy, alcohol withdrawal, narcolepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.
Mechanism of Action
GHB is a CNS depressant that works by activating GABA receptors in the brain. This leads to decreased neuronal activity. GHB also interacts with serotonin and dopamine receptors which may contribute to its effects on behavior.
How Long Does it Take to Work?
The onset of action of GHB is usually within 15-30 minutes of ingestion and the effects typically last for 1-4 hours.
Absorption
GHB is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is thought to be metabolized by the liver and has a very short half-life.
Route of Elimination
GHB is excreted in the urine and feces as urinary and fecal metabolites. It has a short half-life and is rapidly eliminated from the body.
Dosage
GHB is available in oral liquid, powder, and capsule forms. It is taken as an oral dose of 20-40mg. Dosage may be adjusted depending on a person's age, weight, and other medical conditions. It is important to use the lowest effective dose and to follow the advice of a healthcare provider.
Administration
GHB is usually taken orally on an empty stomach. It is important to do not overdose, as this can lead to severe side effects and even death.
Side Effects
Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, headache, and vomiting. Overdose can lead to coma, seizures, and death.
Toxicity
GHB is toxic at high doses, and can be fatal. Symptoms of overdose can include confusion, slowed or stopped breathing, unconsciousness, and death.
Precaution
It is important to consult a healthcare provider before taking GHB. Do not use GHB if pregnant or breastfeeding, or if suffering from certain medical conditions such as epilepsy, kidney disease, or depression.
Interaction
GHB can interact with other drugs, including alcohol, which can lead to serious side effects. It can also interact with certain medications, such as benzodiazepines, which can cause dangerous side effects. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking GHB.
Disease Interactions
GHB can interact with certain medical conditions, such as epilepsy, depression, and kidney disease. It should be used with caution in those with cardiovascular disease, as it can cause hypotension and bradycardia.
Drug Interactions
GHB can interact with other drugs, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and certain medications used for anxiety and sleep. It can also interact with stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, and can increase their effects.
Food Interactions
GHB can interact with certain foods, such as alcohol. It can also interact with caffeine, which may increase the effects of GHB. It is important to consult a healthcare provider before taking GHB with any type of food or beverage.
Pregnancy and Lactation Use
It is not recommended to take GHB during pregnancy or breastfeeding as it may cause serious side effects or harm to the baby. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking GHB while pregnant or breastfeeding.
Acute Overdose
Acute overdose of GHB can occur with high doses and can have serious effects, including seizures, coma, and death. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately.
Contraindication
GHB is contraindicated in pregnant or breastfeeding women, people with epilepsy or certain medical conditions, as well as those taking certain medications. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking GHB.
Use Directions
Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions when taking GHB. Take the dosage as prescribed, and do not exceed the recommended amount. Do not mix GHB with alcohol or certain medications.
Storage Conditions
Keep GHB in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep it out of the reach of children.
Volume of Distribution
GHB has a volume of distribution of 1.2 L/kg.
Half Life
The elimination half-life of GHB is 20-90 minutes.
Clearance
The renal clearance of GHB is 9 mL/min/kg.
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